Genetic risk score for insulin resistance based on gene variants associated to amino acid metabolism in young adults.

Circulating concentration of arginine, alanine, aspartate, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, proline, tyrosine, taurine and valine are increased in subjects with insulin resistance, which could in part be attributed to the presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within genes associated with amino acid metabolism. Thus, the aim of this work was to develop a Genetic Risk Score (GRS) for insulin resistance in young adults based on SNPs present in genes related to amino acid metabolism. We performed a cross-sectional study that included 452 subjects over 18 years of age. Anthropometric, clinical, and biochemical parameters were assessed including measurement of serum amino acids by high performance liquid chromatography. Eighteen SNPs were genotyped by allelic discrimination. Of these, ten were found to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and only four were used to construct the GRS through multiple linear regression modeling. The GRS was calculated using the number of risk alleles of the SNPs in HGD, PRODH, DLD and SLC7A9 genes. Subjects with high GRS (≥ 0.836) had higher levels of glucose, insulin, homeostatic model assessment- insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), total cholesterol and triglycerides, and lower levels of arginine than subjects with low GRS (p < 0.05). The application of a GRS based on variants within genes associated to amino acid metabolism may be useful for the early identification of subjects at increased risk of insulin resistance.

Soluble receptor for advanced glycation end-products (sRAGE) in childhood obesity: association with gene expression of RAGE and cardiometabolic markers / Receptor soluble para productos finales de glicación avanzada (sRAGE) en la obesidad infantil:asociación con la expresión génica de RAGE y marcadores cardiometabólicos

Introduction: advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) interact with the receptor for AGEs (RAGE). Full-length RAGE is associated with intracellular signal transduction, and soluble-RAGE (sRAGE) lacks the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains, acting as a competitive inhibitor ofAGEs-RAGE binding. sRAGE levels in healthy children are associated with cell surface expression of RAGE. However, the expression of RAGE hasnot been explored in childhood obesity.Objective: the study aim was to evaluate the sRAGE levels and the gene expression of RAGE in children and its association with cardiometabolicmarkers.Methods: this is a cross-sectional study with 6-11-year children, 20 with overweight and 20 with obesity. Anthropometric measurements includedwaist circumference (cm) (WC), neck circumference (NC), weight (kg), fat mass (%), trunk fat (kg), muscular mass (kg), height (cm), and bodymass index (BMI) (kg/m2). Blood samples following an overnight fast were collected to measure glucose (mg/dl) and lipid profile with colorimetricmethods. sRAGE was determined in serum using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Quantitative reverse transcription (RT-qPCR)was performed to analyze RAGE transcripts in peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated by Ficoll®-Hypaque.Results: we found higher RAGE (p = 0.0315) and lower sRAGE (p = 0.0305) levels in the obesity group. sRAGE level showed a negative correlation with RAGE (r = -0.35) and BMI (r = -0.24), and positive with HDL-cholesterol (r = 0.29). Regression analysis suggests that HDL-C andRAGE levels are predictors of sRAGE levels.Conclusions: expression of RAGE is associated with lower sRAGE levels in childhood obesity. Moreover, obese children show higher cardiometabolic risk markers, and a positively associated with sRAGE. (AU)

Introducción: los productos finales de glicación avanzada (AGE) interactúan con el receptor de AGE (RAGE). El RAGE de longitud completaestá asociado con la transducción de señales intracelulares y el RAGE soluble (sRAGE) carece de los dominios transmembrana y citoplásmico,actuando como un inhibidor competitivo de la unión de AGE-RAGE. Los niveles de sRAGE en niños sanos están asociados con la expresión deRAGE en la superficie celular. Sin embargo, la expresión de RAGE no se ha explorado en la obesidad infantil.Objetivo: el objetivo del estudio fue evaluar los niveles de sRAGE y la expresión génica de RAGE en niños y su asociación con marcadorescardiometabólicos.Métodos: se trata de un estudio transversal con niños de seis a once años, 20 con sobrepeso y 20 con obesidad. Las medidas antropométricasincluyeron la circunferencia de la cintura (cm) (CC), la circunferencia del cuello (NC), el peso (kg), la masa grasa (%), la grasa del tronco (kg),la masa muscular (kg), la altura (cm) y el índice de masa corporal (IMC) (kg/m2). Se tomaron muestras de sangre después de una noche deayuno para medir glucosa (mg/dl) y el perfil de lípidos con métodos colorimétricos. Los sRAGE se determinaron en suero utilizando un ensayoinmunoabsorbente ligado a enzimas (ELISA). Se realizó una transcripción inversa cuantitativa (RT-qPCR) para analizar los transcritos de RAGE encélulas mononucleares de sangre periférica aisladas por Ficoll®-Hypaque.Resultados: encontramos niveles más altos de RAGE (p = 0,0315) y más bajos de sRAGE (p = 0,0305) en el grupo de obesidad. El nivel de sRAGE mostró una correlación negativa con RAGE (r = -0,35) e IMC (r = -0,24), y positiva con el colesterol HDL (r = 0,29). El análisis de regresión sugiere que los niveles de HDL-C y RAGE predicen los niveles de sRAGE.Conclusiones: la expresión de RAGE se asocia con niveles más bajos de sRAGE en la obesidad infantil. ... (AU)

Soluble receptor for advanced glycation end-products (sRAGE) in childhood obesity: association with gene expression of RAGE and cardiometabolic markers.

Introduction: Introduction: advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) interact with the receptor for AGEs (RAGE). Full-length RAGE is associated with intracellular signal transduction, and soluble-RAGE (sRAGE) lacks the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains, acting as a competitive inhibitor of AGEs-RAGE binding. sRAGE levels in healthy children are associated with cell surface expression of RAGE. However, the expression of RAGE has not been explored in childhood obesity. Objective: the study aim was to evaluate the sRAGE levels and the gene expression of RAGE in children and its association with cardiometabolic markers. Methods: this is a cross-sectional study with 6-11-year children, 20 with overweight and 20 with obesity. Anthropometric measurements included waist circumference (cm) (WC), neck circumference (NC), weight (kg), fat mass (%), trunk fat (kg), muscular mass (kg), height (cm), and body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2). Blood samples following an overnight fast were collected to measure glucose (mg/dl) and lipid profile with colorimetric methods. sRAGE was determined in serum using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Quantitative reverse transcription (RT-qPCR) was performed to analyze RAGE transcripts in peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated by Ficoll®-Hypaque. Results: we found higher RAGE (p = 0.0315) and lower sRAGE (p = 0.0305) levels in the obesity group. sRAGE level showed a negative correlation with RAGE (r = -0.35) and BMI (r = -0.24), and positive with HDL-cholesterol (r = 0.29). Regression analysis suggests that HDL-C and RAGE levels are predictors of sRAGE levels. Conclusions: expression of RAGE is associated with lower sRAGE levels in childhood obesity. Moreover, obese children show higher cardiometabolic risk markers, and a positively associated with sRAGE.

Introducción: Introducción: los productos finales de glicación avanzada (AGE) interactúan con el receptor de AGE (RAGE). El RAGE de longitud completa está asociado con la transducción de señales intracelulares y el RAGE soluble (sRAGE) carece de los dominios transmembrana y citoplásmico, actuando como un inhibidor competitivo de la unión de AGE-RAGE. Los niveles de sRAGE en niños sanos están asociados con la expresión de RAGE en la superficie celular. Sin embargo, la expresión de RAGE no se ha explorado en la obesidad infantil. Objetivo: el objetivo del estudio fue evaluar los niveles de sRAGE y la expresión génica de RAGE en niños y su asociación con marcadores cardiometabólicos. Métodos: se trata de un estudio transversal con niños de seis a once años, 20 con sobrepeso y 20 con obesidad. Las medidas antropométricas incluyeron la circunferencia de la cintura (cm) (CC), la circunferencia del cuello (NC), el peso (kg), la masa grasa (%), la grasa del tronco (kg), la masa muscular (kg), la altura (cm) y el índice de masa corporal (IMC) (kg/m2). Se tomaron muestras de sangre después de una noche de ayuno para medir glucosa (mg/dl) y el perfil de lípidos con métodos colorimétricos. Los sRAGE se determinaron en suero utilizando un ensayo inmunoabsorbente ligado a enzimas (ELISA). Se realizó una transcripción inversa cuantitativa (RT-qPCR) para analizar los transcritos de RAGE en células mononucleares de sangre periférica aisladas por Ficoll®-Hypaque. Resultados: encontramos niveles más altos de RAGE (p = 0,0315) y más bajos de sRAGE (p = 0,0305) en el grupo de obesidad. El nivel de sRAGE mostró una correlación negativa con RAGE (r = -0,35) e IMC (r = -0,24), y positiva con el colesterol HDL (r = 0,29). El análisis de regresión sugiere que los niveles de HDL-C y RAGE predicen los niveles de sRAGE. Conclusiones: la expresión de RAGE se asocia con niveles más bajos de sRAGE en la obesidad infantil. Además, los niños obesos muestran marcadores de riesgo cardiometabólico más elevados y una asociación positiva con sRAGE.

Visceral adiposity index is a better predictor to discriminate metabolic syndrome than other classical adiposity indices among young adults.

BACKGROUND: Visceral adiposity index (VAI) has been identified as a cardiometabolic risk marker in children and adolescents which reflects abdominal fat distribution. The aim of the present study was to evaluated the predictive capacity of VAI, a body shape index (ABSI), atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), and triglycerides and glucose index (TyG index) compared with classical anthropometric measurements to discriminate metabolic syndrome (MetS). METHODS: This retrospective study included 1372 individuals. Anthropometric, clinical, and biochemical measurements were used to screen the prevalence of MetS components and to calculate VAI, ABSI, TyG index, and AIP. RESULTS: The discriminatory capacity among the variables was assessed by the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC). VAI was the variable with the highest AUC with 0.932 CI 95% (0.917-0.948), followed by AIP with 0.914 CI 95% (0.897-0.931), and TyG index with 0.889 CI 95% (0.871-0.908). CONCLUSION: VAI is a promising tool to identify MetS in the late adolescence setting. Among the novel adiposity indexes VAI, AIP, TyG index are able to determine MetS presence, while ABSI is not capable.

[Distribution of triglycerides and glucose (TyG) index and homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance for the evaluation of insulin sensitivity on late adolescence in Mexicans]. / Distribución del índice triglicéridos y glucosa (TyG) y el modelo homeostático para la evaluación de la resistencia a la insulina en la adolescencia tardía en mexicanos.

Introduction: Introduction: when peripheral tissues don't respond well to insulin action, it is defined as insulin resistance (IR). Many methods and indices are available for the estimation of IR, among them the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) involves fasting plasma glucose and insulin. Nevertheless, the TyG index has a methodological advantage over the HOMA-IR because it requires only measurements provided by routine laboratory tests. Aim: distribution asessment of the HOMA-IR and TyG indexes in the sample. Also, to determine the predictive capacity of HOMA-IR, using TyG cutoff point as IR-positive diagnostic test. Materials and methods: a cross-sectional analytical study with 1686 participants aged 18 to 21 years from the state of San Luis Potosí, Mexico. Anthropometric assessment involves variables of weight and height. Fasting glucose, insulin and triglyceride concentrations were quantified. In addition, a questionnaire was carried out to know the hereditary family history and the presence of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). Student's t-test was used to assess the differences in mean statistics between males and females. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was applied to examine the potential of HOMA-IR to identify IR. Results: 56 % of the study adolescents were females and 44 % were males; mean BMI was 22.62 ± 3.21 kg/m2. In the total sample mean serum glucose, insulin, and triglyceride concentrations were 89.48 ± 9.84 mg/dL, 6.26 ± 5.04 µU/mL, and 95.64 ± 55.78 mg/dL, respectively. A prevalence of 28.2 % of IR was determined, evaluated with the cut-off points for the TyG index. Subsequently, Receiver Operator Curves (ROC) were performed to evaluate the predictive capacity of HOMA-IR. The most outstanding cut-off value was 1.08 for the HOMA-IR index, reaching a sensitivity of 66 % and a specificity of 53 %. The prevalence of HOMA-IR greater than or equal to 1.18 was 47 % in the total population, 19.3 % in males and 28.5 % in females Conclusions: HOMA-IR and TyG can be useful diagnostic parameters for the assessment of IR in late adolescence. To provide a health guide for IR, we propose that a HOMA-IR target value ≤ 1.08 should be considered.

Introducción: Introducción: cuando los tejidos periféricos tienen una incapacidad para responder a la acción de la insulina se denomina resistencia a la insulina (RI). Existen diferentes métodos para la identificación de la RI; uno de estos es el índice HOMA-IR, que utiliza los parámetros de laboratorio, glucosa e insulina en ayunas. El índice triglicéridos y glucosa (TyG) presenta la ventaja de solo necesitar análisis de laboratorio de rutina. Objetivo: evaluación de la distribución de los índices HOMA-IR y TyG en la población, así como determinar la capacidad predictiva del índice HOMA-IR utilizando el TyG como prueba diagnóstica para la RI. Materiales y métodos: estudio analítico transversal con 1686 participantes de 18 a 21 años del estado de San Luis Potosí. Se tomaron variables antropométricas de peso y talla y se cuantificó la concentración de glucosa, insulina y triglicéridos en ayuno. Además, se realizó un cuestionario para conocer los antecedentes heredofamiliares y la presencia de enfermedades no transmisibles (ENT). Para la comparación entre mujeres y hombres se realizó una prueba de la t de Student y se realizaron curvas operador receptor (COR) para determinar los valores de corte del HOMA-IR. Resultados: el 56 % de la población fueron mujeres y el 44 % hombres; la media del IMC fue de 22,62 ± 3,21 kg/m2. En la población total de estudio, la media de la concentración sérica de glucosa, insulina y triglicéridos fue de 89,48 ± 9,84 mg/dL, 6,26 ± 5,04 µU/mL y 95,64 ± 55,78 mg/dL, respectivamente. Se determinó una prevalencia del 28,2 % de la RI evaluada con los puntos de corte para el índice TyG. Posteriormente se realizaron curvas operador receptor (COR) para evaluar la capacidad predictiva del HOMA-IR. El valor de corte más destacado fue de 1,08 para el índice HOMA-IR, alcanzando una sensibilidad del 66 % y una especificidad del 53 %. La prevalencia del HOMA-IR mayor o igual a 1,18 fue del 47 % en la población total, del 19,3 % en los hombres y del 28,5 % en las mujeres. Conclusiones: los índices HOMA-IR y TyG pueden ser parámetros de utilidad diagnóstica para la valoración de la RI en la adolescencia tardía. Con el objetivo de brindar una guía de salud para la RI, proponemos que se debe considerar como objetivo un valor de HOMA-IR ≤ 1,08.

Distribución del índice triglicéridos y glucosa (TyG) y el modelo homeostático para la evaluación de la resistencia a la insulina en la adolescencia tardía en mexicanos / Distribution of triglycerides and glucose (TyG) index and homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance for the evaluation of insulin sensitivity on late adolescence in Mexicans

Introducción: cuando los tejidos periféricos tienen una incapacidad para responder a la acción de la insulina se denomina resistencia a la insulina (RI). Existen diferentes métodos para la identificación de la RI; uno de estos es el índice HOMA-IR, que utiliza los parámetros de laboratorio, glucosa e insulina en ayunas. El índice triglicéridos y glucosa (TyG) presenta la ventaja de solo necesitar análisis de laboratorio de rutina. Objetivo: evaluación de la distribución de los índices HOMA-IR y TyG en la población, así como determinar la capacidad predictiva del índice HOMA-IR utilizando el TyG como prueba diagnóstica para la RI. Materiales y métodos: estudio analítico transversal con 1686 participantes de 18 a 21 años del estado de San Luis Potosí. Se tomaron variables antropométricas de peso y talla y se cuantificó la concentración de glucosa, insulina y triglicéridos en ayuno. Además, se realizó un cuestionario para conocer los antecedentes heredofamiliares y la presencia de enfermedades no transmisibles (ENT). Para la comparación entre mujeres y hombres se realizó una prueba de la t de Student y se realizaron curvas operador receptor (COR) para determinar los valores de corte del HOMA-IR. (AU)

Introduction: when peripheral tissues don't respond well to insulin action, it is defined as insulin resistance (IR). Many methods and indices are available for the estimation of IR, among them the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) involves fasting plasma glucose and insulin. Nevertheless, the TyG index has a methodological advantage over the HOMA-IR because it requires only measurements provided by routine laboratory tests. Aim: distribution asessment of the HOMA-IR and TyG indexes in the sample. Also, to determine the predictive capacity of HOMA-IR, using TyG cutoff point as IR-positive diagnostic test. Materials and methods: a cross-sectional analytical study with 1686 participants aged 18 to 21 years from the state of San Luis Potosí, Mexico. Anthropometric assessment involves variables of weight and height. Fasting glucose, insulin and triglyceride concentrations were quantified. In addition, a questionnaire was carried out to know the hereditary family history and the presence of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). Student's t-test was used to assess the differences in mean statistics between males and females. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was applied to examine the potential of HOMA-IR to identify IR. (AU)

Implementation and evaluation of an educational intervention to prevent risk factors for the development of non-communicable diseases in Mexican families of suburban communities.

Non-communicable diseases (NCD), are not transmitted from person to person, are long-lasting and usually of slow evolution. Worldwide cause 71% deaths, in Mexico during 2016 were the cause of 80% of registered deaths; population in socioeconomic disadvantage is more vulnerable. It is urgent to develop strategies that can prevent NCD, thus, the objective of this study was to design, implement and evaluate an educational intervention strategy (EI), to prevent and control risk factors for the development NCD in families of two vulnerable communities. The research design was mixed, the stages were developed based on a risk communication (RC) model and was performed in three stages: 1) EI Design, 2) Implementation and 3) Evaluation of the intervention. In the contextualization, risk factors were found in the participants who were integrated in the design of the educational strategy. The EI implemented was effective in increasing knowledge about NCD and practice of healthy habits, such as increasing the consumption of fruits and vegetables. Additionally, the guidance of EI at the family level has the advantage of creating a support network for these changes. However, pending issues remain, such as the design of effective strategies to reduce the consumption of sugars and sugary drinks.

Polymorphisms of the genes ABCG2, SLC22A12 and XDH and their relation with hyperuricemia and hypercholesterolemia in Mexican young adults.

Background: Hyperuricemia is a pathological condition associated with risk factors of cardiovascular disease. In this study, three genetic polymorphisms were genotyped as predisposing factors of hyperuricemia. Methods: A total of 860 Mexicans between 18 and 25 years of age were genotyped for the ABCG2 (rs2231142), SLC22A12 (rs476037), and XDH (rs1042039) polymorphisms, as predisposing factors of hyperuricemia. Biochemical parameters were measured by spectrophotometry, while genetic polymorphisms were analyzed by real-time PCR. An analysis of the risk of hyperuricemia in relation to the variables studied was carried out using a logistic regression. Results: Male sex, being overweight or obese, having hypercholesterolemia or having hypertriglyceridemia were factors associated with hyperuricemia ( p ≤ 0.05). The ABCG2 polymorphism was associated with hyperuricemia (OR = 2.43, 95% CI: 1.41-4.17, p = 0.001) and hypercholesterolemia (OR = 4.89, 95% CI: 1.54-15.48, p = 0.003), employing a dominant model, but only in male participants. Conclusions: The ABCG2 (rs2231142) polymorphism increases the risk of hyperuricemia and hypercholesterolemia in young Mexican males.

Prevalencia de la prediabetes y sus comorbilidades en la población pediátrica mexicana / Prevalence of prediabetes and its comorbidities in the Mexican pediatric population

Objetivo: la prediabetes es un estado que se observa antes de la diabetes de tipo 2. La actual epidemia de obesidad puede ser una causa del aumento de la incidencia de la prediabetes. En México existen políticas públicas para el manejo de las enfermedades no comunicables. Sin embargo, la obesidad continúa aumentando. Nuestro objetivo fue elaborar un diagnóstico de prediabetes en la población pediátrica mexicana y contrastar la proporción de comorbilidades que presentaban los niños con y sin prediabetes. Metodología: se realizó un estudio transversal analítico de 569 participantes de 4 a 19 años de edad procedentes de escuelas públicas. Se tomaron variables antropométricas (peso, talla y circunferencia de la cintura) y clínicas (presión arterial), así como indicadores bioquímicos (glucosa, perfil lipídico y ácido úrico). Resultados: el 8,6 % de la población presentaba prediabetes. Las variables de mayor prevalencia de alteración fueron los triglicéridos, seguidos de la presión arterial sistólica. Los hombres tenían prevalencias más altas de prediabetes, presión arterial elevada e hiperuricemia. Los niños con prediabetes tenían mayor riesgo de presentar cifras elevadas de circunferencia de la cintura, presión arterial y ácido úrico. Conclusiones: la población pediátrica mexicana tiene una prevalencia elevada de prediabetes. Además, se encontró que el grupo con prediabetes tiene mayor riesgo de presentar cifras elevadas de triglicéridos, presión arterial, ácido úrico y colesterol total. (AU)

Background: prediabetes is a state observed before type-2 diabetes. Nowadays the obesity epidemic could be due to a rise in the incidence of prediabetes. Mexico has public policies for the management of non-communicable diseases. However, obesity rates continue to increase. The aim of this study was to elaborate on a diagnosis of prediabetes in the pediatric Mexican population, and compare the proportions of comorbidities that children with and without prediabetes had. Methods: a cross-sectional study was performed with 569 participants of 4 to 19 years of age from public schools. Anthropometric (weight, height, and waist circumference), clinical (blood pressure), and biochemical (fasting glucose, lipidic profile, and uric acid) variables were collected. Results: in all, 8.6 % of the population had prediabetes. Variables with the highest altered prevalence included triglycerides and systolic blood pressure. Boys had higher rates of prediabetes, altered BP, and hyperuricemia than girls. Children with prediabetes had a greater risk of elevated waist circumference, blood pressure, and uric acid measures. Conclusions: the Mexican pediatric population had elevated rates of prediabetes. Furthermore, the group with prediabetes had a higher risk of presenting high values of triglycerides, blood pressure, uric acid, and total cholesterol. (AU)

Association between birthweight, cardiovascular risk factors, and depression in young Mexican adults / Asociación entre peso al nacer, riesgo cardiovascular y depresión en adultos jóvenes mexicanos

Background: the aim of this study was to investigate the association between birthweight, cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, and depression in young Mexican adults. Methods: birthweight reports, family history of CVD and diabetes-related diseases, anthropometrics, serum lipid profile (total cholesterol [TC], triglycerides [TG], high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol [HDL-C], low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol [LDL-C], and very-low density lipoprotein-cholesterol [VLDL-C]), and depressive symptoms were measured in 778 subjects of the UP-AMIGOS cohort study. To investigate the association between birthweight categories and CVD risk factors and depression, a one-way analysis of variance with post-hoc test was performed of quantitative variables, and c2 test for qualitative variables. Results: mean age was 17.8 years and 469 (60.3 %) of patients were female (n = 469, 60.3 %). The percentage of patients with low birthweight (LBW) was 8.1 % (n = 63), and 3.3 % (n = 26) reported high birthweight (HBW). Young adults with HBW were associated with elevated diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and high weight and body mass index (BMI) when compared to LBW subjects, the difference being statically significant (p < 0.05). Birthweight had no significant association with depression (p > 0.67). Conclusion: the findings from this population-based study revealed a positive relation between birthweight categories and some CVD risk factors. Depression was not related to birthweight. (AU)

Introducción: el objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la asociación entre el peso al nacer, los factores de riesgo de las enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV) y la depresión en adultos mexicanos jóvenes. Métodos: se obtuvieron como variables el peso al nacer, los antecedentes heredofamiliares de ECV y diabetes, la antropometría, el perfil lipídico (colesterol total [CT], triglicéridos [TG], lipoproteína de alta densidad [C-HDL], lipoproteína de baja densidad [C-LDL] y lipoproteína de muy baja densidad [C-VLDL]) y los síntomas de depresión de 778 participantes del estudio de cohortes UP-AMIGOS. Se realizó un análisis de la varianza de 1 vía con pruebas post hoc para investigar la asociación entre las categorías de peso al nacer, riesgo ECV y depresión entre las variables cuantitativas; para las variables cualitativas se realizaron pruebas del c2. Resultados: la edad media fue de 17,8 años y 469 (60,3 %) de los participantes eran mujeres. El porcentaje de pacientes con bajo peso al nacer (BPN) fue del 8,1 % (n = 63) y el 3,3 % (n = 26) tenían elevado peso al nacer (EPN). Se encontró una asociación en el grupo de EPN con la elevación de la presión arterial diastólica (PAS), el peso y el índice de masa corporal (IMC) al compararlo con el grupo de BPN, con una diferencia significativa de p < 0,05. No se encontró ninguna asociación entre el peso al nacer y la depresión (p > 0,67). Conclusiones: se encontró una relación positiva entre las categorías de peso al nacer con algunos factores de riesgo de ECV. La depresión no se asoció con el peso al nacer según los resultados de este estudio poblacional. (AU)

[Prevalence of prediabetes and its comorbidities in the Mexican pediatric population]. / Prevalencia de la prediabetes y sus comorbilidades en la población pediátrica mexicana.

INTRODUCTION: Background: prediabetes is a state observed before type-2 diabetes. Nowadays the obesity epidemic could be due to a rise in the incidence of prediabetes. Mexico has public policies for the management of non-communicable diseases. However, obesity rates continue to increase. The aim of this study was to elaborate on a diagnosis of prediabetes in the pediatric Mexican population, and compare the proportions of comorbidities that children with and without prediabetes had. Methods: a cross-sectional study was performed with 569 participants of 4 to 19 years of age from public schools. Anthropometric (weight, height, and waist circumference), clinical (blood pressure), and biochemical (fasting glucose, lipidic profile, and uric acid) variables were collected. Results: in all, 8.6 % of the population had prediabetes. Variables with the highest altered prevalence included triglycerides and systolic blood pressure. Boys had higher rates of prediabetes, altered BP, and hyperuricemia than girls. Children with prediabetes had a greater risk of elevated waist circumference, blood pressure, and uric acid measures. Conclusions: the Mexican pediatric population had elevated rates of prediabetes. Furthermore, the group with prediabetes had a higher risk of presenting high values of triglycerides, blood pressure, uric acid, and total cholesterol.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Objetivo: la prediabetes es un estado que se observa antes de la diabetes de tipo 2. La actual epidemia de obesidad puede ser una causa del aumento de la incidencia de la prediabetes. En México existen políticas públicas para el manejo de las enfermedades no comunicables. Sin embargo, la obesidad continúa aumentando. Nuestro objetivo fue elaborar un diagnóstico de prediabetes en la población pediátrica mexicana y contrastar la proporción de comorbilidades que presentaban los niños con y sin prediabetes. Metodología: se realizó un estudio transversal analítico de 569 participantes de 4 a 19 años de edad procedentes de escuelas públicas. Se tomaron variables antropométricas (peso, talla y circunferencia de la cintura) y clínicas (presión arterial), así como indicadores bioquímicos (glucosa, perfil lipídico y ácido úrico). Resultados: el 8,6 % de la población presentaba prediabetes. Las variables de mayor prevalencia de alteración fueron los triglicéridos, seguidos de la presión arterial sistólica. Los hombres tenían prevalencias más altas de prediabetes, presión arterial elevada e hiperuricemia. Los niños con prediabetes tenían mayor riesgo de presentar cifras elevadas de circunferencia de la cintura, presión arterial y ácido úrico. Conclusiones: la población pediátrica mexicana tiene una prevalencia elevada de prediabetes. Además, se encontró que el grupo con prediabetes tiene mayor riesgo de presentar cifras elevadas de triglicéridos, presión arterial, ácido úrico y colesterol total.

Association between birthweight, cardiovascular risk factors, and depression in young Mexican adults.

INTRODUCTION: Background: the aim of this study was to investigate the association between birthweight, cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, and depression in young Mexican adults. Methods: birthweight reports, family history of CVD and diabetes-related diseases, anthropometrics, serum lipid profile (total cholesterol [TC], triglycerides [TG], high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol [HDL-C], low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol [LDL-C], and very-low density lipoprotein-cholesterol [VLDL-C]), and depressive symptoms were measured in 778 subjects of the UP-AMIGOS cohort study. To investigate the association between birthweight categories and CVD risk factors and depression, a one-way analysis of variance with post-hoc test was performed of quantitative variables, and 2 test for qualitative variables. Results: mean age was 17.8 years and 469 (60.3 %) of patients were female (n = 469, 60.3 %). The percentage of patients with low birthweight (LBW) was 8.1 % (n = 63), and 3.3 % (n = 26) reported high birthweight (HBW). Young adults with HBW were associated with elevated diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and high weight and body mass index (BMI) when compared to LBW subjects, the difference being statically significant (p < 0.05). Birthweight had no significant association with depression (p > 0.67). Conclusion: the findings from this population-based study revealed a positive relation between birthweight categories and some CVD risk factors. Depression was not related to birthweight.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: el objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la asociación entre el peso al nacer, los factores de riesgo de las enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV) y la depresión en adultos mexicanos jóvenes. Métodos: se obtuvieron como variables el peso al nacer, los antecedentes heredofamiliares de ECV y diabetes, la antropometría, el perfil lipídico (colesterol total [CT], triglicéridos [TG], lipoproteína de alta densidad [C-HDL], lipoproteína de baja densidad [C-LDL] y lipoproteína de muy baja densidad [C-VLDL]) y los síntomas de depresión de 778 participantes del estudio de cohortes UP-AMIGOS. Se realizó un análisis de la varianza de 1 vía con pruebas post hoc para investigar la asociación entre las categorías de peso al nacer, riesgo ECV y depresión entre las variables cuantitativas; para las variables cualitativas se realizaron pruebas del 2. Resultados: la edad media fue de 17,8 años y 469 (60,3 %) de los participantes eran mujeres. El porcentaje de pacientes con bajo peso al nacer (BPN) fue del 8,1 % (n = 63) y el 3,3 % (n = 26) tenían elevado peso al nacer (EPN). Se encontró una asociación en el grupo de EPN con la elevación de la presión arterial diastólica (PAS), el peso y el índice de masa corporal (IMC) al compararlo con el grupo de BPN, con una diferencia significativa de p < 0,05. No se encontró ninguna asociación entre el peso al nacer y la depresión (p > 0,67). Conclusiones: se encontró una relación positiva entre las categorías de peso al nacer con algunos factores de riesgo de ECV. La depresión no se asoció con el peso al nacer según los resultados de este estudio poblacional.

The Fat-to-Lean Mass Ratio Is Associated with Hyperinsulinemia in Healthy Mexican Adolescents.

Objective: To evaluate whether the Fat-to-Lean Mass (FyM) ratio is associated to hyperinsulinemia in healthy adolescents.Methods: Apparently healthy adolescents aged 10 to 15 years that according to sex, age, and percentiles of body fat percent, were included and allocated into the groups with elevated (body fat percent ≥85 percentile) and normal total body fat (body fat percent <85 percentile). The FyM ratio was calculated as total lean mass (kg)/total body fat (kg) and hyperinsulinemia was defined by fasting insulin levels ≥20 µUI/mL.Results: A total of 1,299 adolescents, 665 (51.9%) girls and 634 (48.1%) boys, were enrolled and allocated into the groups with high (n = 439) and normal (n = 860) body fat. The FyM index remained significantly associated with hyperinsulinemia (OR 5.58; 95%CI: 1.54-28.10) after logistic regression analysis adjusted by sex, age, body-weight, body mass index, and waist circumference.Conclusion: The FyM index is highly associated to the presence of hyperinsulinemia in adolescents, emerging as a useful tool from anthropometric measurements for identify insulin abnormalities.

ß-Carotene Oxygenase 1 Activity Modulates Circulating Cholesterol Concentrations in Mice and Humans.

BACKGROUND: Plasma cholesterol is one of the strongest risk factors associated with the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and myocardial infarction. Human studies suggest that elevated plasma ß-carotene is associated with reductions in circulating cholesterol and the risk of myocardial infarction. The molecular mechanisms underlying these observations are unknown. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine the impact of dietary ß-carotene and the activity of ß-carotene oxygenase 1 (BCO1), which is the enzyme responsible for the conversion of ß-carotene to vitamin A, on circulating cholesterol concentration. METHODS: In our preclinical study, we compared the effects of a 10-d intervention with a diet containing 50 mg/kg of ß-carotene on plasma cholesterol in 5-wk-old male and female C57 Black 6 wild-type and congenic BCO1-deficient mice. In our clinical study, we aimed to determine whether 5 common small nucleotide polymorphisms located in the BCO1 locus affected serum cholesterol concentrations in a population of young Mexican adults from the Universities of San Luis Potosí and Illinois: A Multidisciplinary Investigation on Genetics, Obesity, and Social-Environment (UP AMIGOS) cohort. RESULTS: Upon ß-carotene feeding, Bco1-/- mice accumulated >20-fold greater plasma ß-carotene and had ∼30 mg/dL increased circulating total cholesterol (P < 0.01) and non-HDL cholesterol (P < 0.01) than wild-type congenic mice. Our results in the UP AMIGOS cohort show that the rs6564851 allele of BCO1, which has been linked to BCO1 enzymatic activity, was associated with a reduction in 10 mg/dL total cholesterol concentrations (P = 0.009) when adjusted for vitamin A and carotenoid intakes. Non-HDL-cholesterol concentration was also reduced by 10 mg/dL when the data were adjusted for vitamin A and total carotenoid intakes (P = 0.002), or vitamin A and ß-carotene intakes (P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, our results in mice and young adults show that BCO1 activity impacts circulating cholesterol concentration, linking vitamin A formation with the risk of developing ASCVD.

The triglyceride and glucose index is a useful biomarker to recognize glucose disorders in apparently healthy children and adolescents.

It has been suggested that the triglyceride and glucose (TyG) index is an early indicator for type 2 diabetes (T2D) in adults. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate whether the TyG index is useful in the screening of glucose disorders (GD) in apparently healthy children and adolescents. Eligible participants were apparently healthy children and adolescents. Individuals with new diagnosis of GD were allocated into the study groups with impaired fasting glucose (IFG), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and T2D. Participants with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) were the control group. In total, 1872 children and adolescents were enrolled and allocated into the study groups. Diagnosis of NGT, IFG, IGT, and T2D was established in 1541 (82.3%), 256 (13.7%), 66 (3.5%), and 9 (0.4%) children, respectively. In girls, the best cutoff points of the TyG index for identifying IFG, IGT, and T2D were 4.51 (sensitivity 59.8%, specificity 59.8%), 4.55 (sensitivity 63.0%, specificity 64.3%), and 4.63 (sensitivity 75.0%, specificity 74.6%), respectively; and in boys were 4.52 (sensitivity 62.8%, specificity 64.2%), 4.54 (sensitivity 71.8%, specificity 65.1%), and 4.82 (sensitivity 91.0%, specificity 990.6%), respectively.Conclusion: Our results suggest that the TyG index may be a useful tool for screening GD in healthy children and adolescents.What is Known:• Prevalence of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes is increasing worldwide among young adults and adolescents.• Elevated fasting glucose and triglyceride concentrations have been recognized as independent risk factors for type 2 diabetes.What is New:• The TyG index exhibited highest sensitivity and specificity to detect impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, and type 2 diabetes.• The TyG index may be a useful tool for the screening of glucose disorders in apparently healthy children and adolescents.

La seguridad alimentaria y nutricional en una comunidad indígena de México / Food and nutritional security in an indigenous community of Mexico

FUNDAMENTOS: la seguridad alimentaria involucra diversos factores, desde enfermedades metabólicas hasta técnicas de agricultura sustentable que aseguran la producción de alimentos inocuos. MÉTODOS: se analizaron seis estudios relacionados con la salud y nutrición de la población realizados entre 2014 a 2017 en comunidad indígena de San Luis Potosí. RESULTADOS: se identificó la participación de 292 hogares, las madres se dedican al hogar y los padres son jornaleros, el ingreso promedio mensual por familia es de $1522,7 y el gasto en alimentos de $804,3. Todos los grupos de edad presentan malnutrición, tienen dieta poco diversa alta en carbohidratos. Presentan estrategias para obtener alimentos como regalos de terceros, intercambio o pedir dinero prestado. Los hogares se encuentran en inseguridad alimentaria, sufren de experiencias de hambre y ayunos prolongados. CONCLUSIONES: la comunidad indígena es vulnerable a presentar inseguridad alimentaria y nutricional por su bajo ingreso económico. Es importante garantizar la autosuficiencia alimentaria familiar y promover en consumo de dietas variadas basadas en la producción de alimentos locales

BACKGROUND: Food security involve different factors, since metabolic diseases to sustainable agriculture techniques that ensure the production of safe food. METHODS: Six studies related to the health and nutrition carried out between 2014 and 2017 in an indigenous community of San Luis Potosí were analyzed. RESULTS: Was identified the participation of 292 households, women are dedicated to homework and man are day laborers, the average monthly income was in $1522,7 and the food expenditure in $804,3 per family. All age groups presented malnutrition, have a little diverse diet high in carbohydrates. Present strategies to obtain food as gifts from third parties, exchange or borrow money. Households are in food insecurity, suffer hunger experiences andprolonged fast. CONCLUSIONS: The indigenous community is vulnerable to food and nutritional insecurity due to its low economic income. It is important to guarantee family food self-sufficiency and promote the consumption of varied diets based on local food production

Neck Circumference and Its Association with Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Pediatric Population.

Background and objectives: To identify the relationship between neck circumference (NC) and cardiometabolic risk factors in children. Materials and Methods: Children and adolescents 6-18 years old (n = 548) from five counties of San Luis Potosí, México were included. Data was collected for biological markers (glucose and lipid profile) and anthropometric and clinical measurements-weight, height, NC, waist circumference (WC), and blood pressure (BP). Body mass index (BMI) was calculated using Quetelet formula (kg/m2). Descriptive analysis, correlation tests, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis were performed. Results: NC was highly correlated with BMI and WC in both genders (p <0.0001). The most frequent risk factor was high BMI (38.7%). Sensitivity and specificity analysis of NC and high BMI showed an area under the ROC curve of 0.887. Conclusions: According to our findings, NC is a simple, low-cost, and non-invasive measurement, which has a high association with high BMI and increased WC.

Association of Dietary Advanced Glycation End Products with Metabolic Syndrome in Young Mexican Adults.

Background: Consumption of dietary advanced glycation end products is linked to metabolic syndrome. The objective was to describe the association between dietary advanced glycation end products intake and metabolic syndrome in young Mexican adults. Methods: The present was a cross-sectional study in 126 Mexican adults 18⁻35 years old evaluating metabolic syndrome through the harmonized criteria. Macronutrients and dietary advanced glycation end products intake were estimated through three 24-hour dietary recalls and food composition tables. Association between metabolic syndrome and high advanced glycation end products intake (≥10,000 kU/day) was evaluated through three logistic regression models adjusted by sex, age, family history of cardiometabolic diseases and energy intake. Results: Subjects with a higher advanced glycation end products intake were more likely to have impaired fasting glucose (OR: 4.91, 95% CI 1.29⁻18.60, p < 0.05) and metabolic syndrome (OR: 2.67, 95% CI 0.96⁻7.44, p = 0.059) than those participants with low consumption of these products after adjustment of sex, age, family history of cardiovascular disease and energy intake. Conclusions: High intake of dietary advanced glycation end products was significantly associated with impaired fasting glucose and marginally with metabolic syndrome in young Mexican adults regardless of sex, age, family history of cardiovascular disease and energy intake.